Essential Oil Profiling
- Joy Watt
- Jan 13, 2022
- 22 min read
Aromatherapy
Contents Page
Introduction: History of Aromatherapy
Oil Profiling
Basil
Bergamot
Black Pepper
Roman Chamomilew
Clary Sage
Cypress
Eucalyptus
Frankincense
Geranium
Jasmine
Juniper
Lavender
Lemongrass
Melissa
Marjoram
Neroli
Rose
Rosemary
Sandalwood
Ylang Ylang
Conclusion
Bibliography
Aromatherapy History
In linguistic terms, our knowledge and understanding of massage and aromatherapy stem from Arabic, Greek and French. Arabic “mass” means “to press gently”; Greek means “to knead” and the French “Masser” means to massage. It is arguably an art form (the application of a medium to a surface); and has been practiced for millennia.
Human beings have instinctively used rubbing to relieve pain, soothe and settle; it’s something most people will do without even thinking. In terms of ancient history, there is strong evidence to show its use in China as early as 3000 BC, onto Japan, into Hindu tradition from 1800BC, Egyptians had a well-established culture of massage from 500 BC, and the Greeks had also embraced massage at a similar time. In China, using certain pressure techniques were found to improve general health. Known as “Amma”, this signalled the foundations of what we call acupressure, and acupuncture. Records of this can be found in the British Museum. In Japan, further developments were made in the form of “Tsubo” – massage on very specific points, and heralded what we know as Shiatsu. Massage was practiced by Hindus, following a text called “Ayer-Veda” – “the art of life”, showing that shampooing and rubbing could be used to improve wellbeing. Grecian practitioners came to understand the benefit of massage before and after physical exertion, improving performance and recovery time. Aromatherapy is just as well established in ancient history – the Egyptians used perfumes derived from plants and flowers (essential oils) in baths, inhalations, for personal hygiene, to heighten appeal, to anoint the dead. The existence of the spice trade so early on demonstrates that these resources were highly prized and sought after. From Egypt, use of botanicals rippled out into Babylonian, Hebrew and Assyrian cultures. Use of plant materials can be traced right through to the Persian, Greek and Roman empires as well.
Massage and Aromatherapy are two modalities of complementary therapy used widely in the world today, and in the 21st century, we owe this to a number of different innovators.
Massage
Hippocrates was the Greek father of medicine as a science; he came to be under the tutelage of Herodicus, a Greek physician who carried out massage with oils and herbs to treat various conditions. The established school of medicine, up until Hippocrates came onto the scene was the Cnidian School. Their theories – seeing the human body as a disparate collection of isolated parts – were eventually proved to be deeply flawed, whereas Hippocrates and his likeminded fellows appreciated human beings in a holistic way, systems working together, co-operatively; the body as a unified whole. Hippocrates held a concept known as “The Four Humours”. He said: "The body of man has in itself blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile; these make up the nature of the body, and through these he feels pain or enjoys health. Now, he enjoys the most perfect health when these elements are duly proportioned to one another in respect to compounding, power and bulk, and when they are perfectly mingled. Pain is felt when one of these elements is in defect or excess, or is isolated in the body without being compounded with all the others."
He studied the effects of massage on his own patients, observing that hard rubbing binds; soft rubbing loosens, much rubbing causes parts to waste and moderate rubbing makes them grow. Despite not knowing the true functionality of the circulatory system at that time, Hippocrates had the temerity that it was advantageous to apply strokes to the body in an upward motion, towards the heart. This is how massage is practiced today.
Per Henrick Ling, a Swedish Medical Gymnastic Practitioner, made it his life’s work to develop a system of movements to help gymnasts perform to the best of their ability. In his own life, he suffered from physical ailments, such as gout, rheumatism and lung disease. He began doing a series of passive movements that involved stroking, pressing and kneading the body. Eventually, he noticed that they had a positive effect on his health. He referred to them as “medical gymnastics”, and became known as “The Ling System”, or Swedish massage, like we know today.
Dr Johan Mezgner is the final member of this “big three” who had an essential part to play in the development of massage. He was a Dutch physician who applied the French terms to these specific strokes (so say physicians Emil Kleen and Richard Hael) – “effleurage” (stroking); “petrissage” (kneading); “tapotement” (striking) and “frictions” (rubbing). Because of his efforts, the value of massage was demonstrated in the context of rehabilitation. He treated many in a clinic within Amsterdam between 1870 & 1880, and through his work, he returned credibility to the role of massage in medicine, which had fallen out of favour in many ways within Europe up until that time.
Aromatherapy
Rene Maurice Gattefosse – a French Perfume Chemist is generally hailed as the father of modern Aromatherapy. In a much told tale, he burned his skin in a lab accident in 1910 and used lavender oil to treat it (although not, apparently, by way of plunging his whole arm into a vat of lavender oil, says Robert Tisserand, famed distiller of essential oils, and others). After experiencing and documenting his own healing, he began to look further into the therapeutic properties of the essential oils (highly concentrated distilled plant essences) he was using as a perfumer. During World War 1, he explored the use of essential oils on wounded soldiers – particularly lavender, thyme, lemon and clove for their antiseptic properties. Gattefosse noted an increase in the rate of healing in wounds treated with essential oils and that the oils seemed to be free from the disadvantages present with other antiseptic agents in use at that time.
Marguerite Maury - an Austrian born biochemist, together with her husband, studied natural modes of healing (together they looked at homeopathy, naturopathy, osteopathy and radiesthesia). Maury discovered the active zone particles in essential oils, and thus their therapeutic qualities. She is believed to be one of the pioneers of synergistic blending, using multiple essential oils to create an individually tailored blend for use with an individual client, with an individual set of needs. She developed her research work to demonstrate and prove the effects of essential oils on the nervous system, their influence on the wellbeing of people. The basis of her ideas and discoveries were borne out of a belief that it was possible to retain youthfulness and energy through attitude and belief, and that caring for oneself was vitally important. She opened many Aromatherapy clinics within Europe.
So, what’s the difference?
You might be forgiven for thinking that these two therapies are much of a muchness, and whilst they can, and do work beautifully together, they are art forms in their own, individual rights. Swedish massage looks to the set of strokes to imbue a sense of wellbeing in your client, whereas in Aromatherapy, the essential oil, and its therapeutic properties, is king. In some cases, essential oils are unsuitable for use with clients who have certain health conditions, or for pregnant women. Similarly, some massage strokes are not appropriate for certain clients. Both methods can bring tremendous relief and benefit to the client of a trained and competent therapist.
Massage & Aromatherapy in the modern world
Despite the emergence and dominance of pharmacologically based medicine, massage and aromatherapy have had somewhat of a renaissance in the last few decades. The efficacy of these approaches have been scientifically supported, and I believe that this is something which has caused more people to be open minded about the benefits of these treatment types. In the workplace, many big corporations see the tangible benefit in offering treatments to their staff to reduce and manage workplace-based stress; people use massage to promote personal wellbeing within a variety of settings, such as gyms, spa resorts, health and leisure centres, public places such as shopping centres and airports. There is even a degree of integration within the NHS, although in the UK, we have a long way to go before we are in a position like that of Germany, where massage, aromatherapy and other complementary therapies are seen as valuable means of treating and managing a vast array of conditions. As the modern world continues to explore healing modalities, I’m confident that massage and aromatherapy will have a positive part to play.
Basil
Common Name: Basil
Latin Name: Ocimun Basilicum
Family: Labiate or Lamiacaeae
Note: Top
Extraction: Steam distillation from the flowering tops and leaves of the plant – no stems
Country of Origin: Tropical Africa and India
Chemical Constituents: Linalool (Alcohol), Borneone, Camphor, Cineole (Ketones), Methylchavicol, Eugenol (Phenols), Ocimene, Pinene, Sylvestrene (Terpenes)
Nature of Oil: A clear oil which has an aniseed, spicy and sweet aroma.
Contraindications: Avoid during pregnancy and use less to avoid skin irritation. Can be mildly toxic and high doses could cause liver trouble.
Blends well with: Herb based essential oils such as marjoram and oregano, commonly blended with lavender, geranium, bergamot, lime, lemon, frankincense and pine.
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses – Analgesic, antiseptic, antidepressant, antispasmodic, carminative, digestive, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge and nervine. Stimulating, Clarifying, Strengthening and Uplifting.
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Used in Ayurvedic medicine due to the versatility of the uses, however Basil should be avoided in pregnancy due to the stimulating effect which it has, including congestion of the uterus. In China this herb is used for soothing epilepsy.
Skin Care: Anti-fungal; Antiseptic; possible irritant for acne, reduces uric acid and soothes wasp stings.
Muscular/Skeletal: Antispasmodic – reduces stress and tension, eases cramps
Respiratory: Expectorant – reduces catarrh, restores sense of smell, soothes sinuses eases flu symptoms
Nervous System: Aphrodisiac, stimulant, tonic – epilepsy, migraines, convalescence, depression, anxiety
Endocrine: Stimulating, Temperature reducing – creating balance, adrenal boost, digestion
Immune System: Febrifuge, Anti-viral – boosting natural resistance to infection, eases nausea
Digestive: Digestive; Stomachic; Carminative; Cholagoguic; Hepatic; Vermifugal, Tonic.
Reproductive: Emmenagoguic; Can ease PMS.
Lymphatic: Tonic – encouraging cleansing and good drainage
Circulatory: Antispasmodic, anti-viral,-lowers blood pressure, combats vertigo and regulates heart beat
Urinary: Bactericidal – cystitis, cleanses kidneys
Shelf life & Storage: 2-5 years from distillation; Store in dark glass bottles, away from natural daylight or daylight sources.
Any other useful information: The oil is odiferous, so use sparingly.
Applications -
Topical: Toiletries (make sure it’s been mixed with a carrier oil).
Immersion: 1-2 drops (dropped into full fat milk first to dissolve molecules) in a bath.
Inhalation: Can be used in a diffuser or lamp ring; dry inhalation on a tissue.
BERGAMOT
Common Name: Bergamot
Latin Name: Citrus Bergamia
Family: Rutaceae
Note: Top/Middle
Extraction: Cold expression of the rind of the fruit
Country of Origin: Native to tropical Asia, most oil produced in southern Italy
Chemical Constituents: Linalyl; Acetate; Linalol; Sequiterpenes; Terpenes; Furo-cumarins
Nature of Oil: Pale green liquid. Aroma is citrus with just a hint of spice. Odour effect is uplifting & refreshing. No planetary link.
Contraindications: Not suitable for use during pregnancy; for those with skin cancer, or for those who have recently, or are going to be exposed to sunlight or sun-beds.
Blends well with: All other citrus oils, angelica, basil, cedarwood, German and Roman chamomile, clary sage, lavender, neroli, cypress, elemi, geranium, jasmine, juniper, coriander, ginger, frankincense, oakmoss, rose, sandalwood, vetiver.
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Colds and flu; Cystitis; Fever; infectious illnesses; anxiety; depression
Skin Care: Antitoxic (counteracts the effects of poison); Rubefacient (increases local circulation, creates erythema); Deodorant (masks or removes unpleasant odours); Parasiticidal (destroys parasites such as fleas or lice).
Muscular/Skeletal: Antispasmodic (prevents or eases spasms or cramps).
Respiratory: Antiseptic (destroys micro-organisms) (pulmonary).
Nervous System: Tonic (strengthens and enlivens); Stimulant (quickens and enlivens the mind/body complex); Antidepressant (helps alleviate depression).
Endocrine: Antidepressant; Stimulant.
Immune System: Tonic; Stimulant; Febrifugal (reduces or combats fever).
Digestive: Carminative (settles digestion); Laxative (promotes evacuation of the bowels); Vermifugal (destroys and expels worms); Stomachic (promotes appetite & digestion); Parasiticidal.
Reproductive: Can ease PMS/T.
Lymphatic: Vulnerary; Febrifugal; Sudorific (induces or increases perspiration).
Circulatory: Rubefacient; Vulnerarary.
Urinary: Diuretic (Increases the flow and excretion of urine) – useful for treating cystitis.
Shelf life & Storage: 3-4 years from distillation; 6-9 months in a darkened glass bottle once opened. Store in dark glass bottles, away from natural daylight or daylight sources.
Any other useful information: Never apply to skin shortly after exposure to natural or simulated sunlight. Bergamot is available with the furocoumarin constituents removed – known as “FCF”. These are the chemicals which make Bergamot phototoxic. FCF is also free from other non-volatile substances, such as wax, which can irritate sensitive skin.
Applications -
Topical: Toiletries (make sure it’s been mixed with a carrier oil).
Immersion: 4-5 drops (dropped into full fat milk first to dissolve molecules) in a bath.
Inhalation: Can be used in a diffuser or lamp ring, 2-3 drops neat.
Black Pepper
Common Name: Black Pepper
Latin Name: Piper Nigrum
Family: Piperaceae
Note: Middle
Extraction: Steam Distilled from the dried fruit which is the peppercorns
Country of Origin: South West India, Cultivated in Malaysia, Madagascar and China
Chemical Constituents: Piperitone, dihydrocarvone, Piperonal,Limonene, terpines, phellandrene, myrcene, camphene, thujene, linalool
Nature of Oil: Clear in Colour
Contraindications: Can cause skin irritations so never use neat and always use in low concentrations to avoid a potential reaction. Avoid using if undergoing chemotherapy and be cautious of cancer or kidney issues due to overstimulation.
Blends well with: Frankincense, Jasmine, Citrus Oils, Geranium, Rose, Lavender, Sandalwood and Ylang, Ylang.
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses: Can be used to stimulate appetite, it’s a diuretic and can be used as a laxative, a good antiseptic and boosts the nervous system. Used in India for Liver and Urinary disorders.
Skin Care Uses: Antiseptic - bruises, aches, pains and shivers
Muscular/Skeletal: Stimulant - Warming muscles, soothing aches and pains
Respiratory: Expectorant, decongestant – catarrh, colds, flu, bronchitis, asthma
Nervous System: Analgesic – soothing on neuralgia and relaxes Raynauds Disease
Endocrine: Antispasmodic – Lowers fever and controls temperature
Immune System: Antiviral, Tonic – eases cramps and viral tension
Digestive: Stimulant – constipation, flatulence, indigestion, liver, fat reduction, tones colon muscle
Reproductive: Aphrodesiac – aids frgidity
Lymphatic: Decongestant – stimulates heat and encourages detox/sweating
Circulatory: Antiviral – anaemia, angina, cardiac
Urinary: Diuretic – encourages water/urine excretion
Shelf life & Storage:
Any other useful information: a well known stimulant, also good for mental fatigue and perking up the bodies senses.
Applications -
Topical: Blend well and use sparingly
Immersion: 2-3 drops in bath
Inhalation: Blends well with wood and lemon based aromas
Energetic Benefits: Black Pepper releases blockages in the throat chakra, thyroid, thymus, heart chakra and CNS.
SPICE UP YOUR LIFE!
Pepper is mentioned as a spice as early as 2000BC in India and Egypt, with peppercorns having been found stuffed in the nose of Ramses the Great when he was mummified. It’s also recommended in an ancient Arabic sex manual as an aphrodisiac. Peppercorns were also often used as a currency – Attila demanded 3,000 pounds of pepper in ransom for the city of Rome.
ROMAN CHAMOMILE
Common Name: Roman Chamomile
Latin Name: Chamaemelum Nobile
Family: Asteraceae (Compositae)
Note: Middle - Top
Extraction: Steam distillation of the flower heads.
Country of Origin: Native to southern and western Europe; cultivated mainly in Belgium, Britain, France, Hungary, Italy and the USA.
Chemical Constituents: Ester; pinene; fanesol; nerolidol; chamazulene; pinocarvone; cineol.
Nature of Oil: A pale yellow liquid. The aroma is sweet and dry with an apple-like tinge. The odour effect is warming and calming.
Contraindications: Not suitable for use during the first trimester of pregnancy. Can cause skin irritation or provoke wheezing in susceptible individuals. Best used in very low concentrations. Carry out a patch test first.
Blends well with: Citrus essences; Clary Sage; Lavender; Geranium; Jasmine; Neroli; Rose; Ylang Ylang.
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses
Skincare (most skin types); acne; allergies; burns; eczema; inflamed skin conditions; earache; wounds; menstrual pain; PMS; headache; insomnia; nervous tension and other stress related disorders.
Skin Care: Anti-inflammatory; Antiseptic; Bactericidal; Cicatrisant; Vulnerary; Tonic.
Muscular/Skeletal: Analgesic; Anti-inflammatory; Tonic.
Respiratory: Anti-inflammatory; Bactericidal.
Nervous System: Antineuralgic; Analgesic, Tonic
Emotional: Hypnotic; Sedative.
Immune System: Tonic.
Digestive: Digestive; Stomachic; Carminative; Cholagoguic; Hepatic; Vermifugal, Tonic.
Reproductive: Emmenagoguic; Can ease PMS.
Lymphatic: Hepatic; Sudorific, Tonic.
Circulatory: Antianaemic; Febrifugal.
Urinary: Tonic.
Shelf life & Storage: 2-5 years from distillation; Store in dark glass bottles, away from natural daylight or daylight sources.
Any other useful information: The oil is highly odiferous, so use sparingly.
Because of the high price range of Roman Chamomile; some suppliers are promoting Moroccan Chamomile as a cheaper alternative. The medicinal properties have NOT been scrutinised closely, nor has any safety testing taken place.
Applications -
Topical: Toiletries (make sure it’s been mixed with a carrier oil).
Immersion: 1-2 drops (dropped into full fat milk first to dissolve molecules) in a bath.
Inhalation: Can be used in a diffuser or lamp ring; dry inhalation on a tissue.
CLARY SAGE
Common Name: Clary Sage
Latin Name: Salvia Sclarea
Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Note: Middle - Top
Extraction: Distillation of the flowering tops and leaves.
Country of Origin: Native to the Mediterranean, but cultivated worldwide. The best quality oil is produced in France, Britain and Morocco.
Chemical Constituents: Linalyl Acetate; linalool; pinene; myrcene; sclareol; phellandrene.
Nature of Oil: A colourless to pale yellow liquid. The aroma is sweetly herbaceous and nutty with a floral tinge. Its odour effect is uplifting and relaxing; a reputed aphrodisiac.
Contraindications: Not to be used in pregnancy.
Blends well with: Most oils, but especially bergamot, jasmine, mimosa, juniper berry, lavender, neroli, petitgrain, pine, frankincense, vetiver.
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
High blood pressure, muscular aches and pains, respiratory problems, irregular menstruation, PMS, depression, migraine, nervous tension and stress related disorders.
Skin Care: Anti-inflammatory; Antiseptic; Astringent; Antifungal; Bactericidal; Cicatrisant; Deodorant; Tonic.
Muscular/Skeletal: Antispasmodic; Anti-inflammatory; Tonic.
Respiratory: Anti-inflammatory; Astringent; Antiseptic; Tonic.
Nervous System: Anti-convulsive; Sedative; Tonic.
Emotional: Anti-depressant; Sedative; Tonic.
Immune System: Antiseptic; Bactericidal;
Digestive: Antiseptic; Bactericidal; Carminative; Digestive, Stomachic; Tonic.
Reproductive: Emmenagogue, Tonic.
Lymphatic: Tonic
Circulatory: Hypotensive; Tonic
Urinary: Tonic
Shelf life & Storage: Maximum shelf life of 36 months. Store in dark glass bottles, away from natural daylight or daylight sources.
Any other useful information: Reputed as an oil to use to dispel confusion and illusion; therefore good for use in meditation.
Salvia comes from a Latin word "salvere" meaning "to heal or save". Clary comes from a Latin word "clarus" meaning "clear".
Applications -
Burners and vaporisers
In vapor therapy, clary sage oil can be used for nervous tension, stress, depression, anxiety, insomnia and menopause. It is particularly effective to help ease depression and create a more positive outlook on life and can also help to boost the creative side and intuition.
Blended massage oil or in the bath
Clary sage can be used in blended massage oil, or diluted in the bath to assist with muscle pains, frigidity, depression, anxiety, menstrual problems, PMS, stress, nervous tension, insomnia, cramps and addiction.
In a cream or lotion
Used in a cream or lotion, clary sage oil can be beneficial for skin problems, back pain and a stiff neck, as well as for body odors, PMS, skin problems and cramps. It is particularly good for balancing the production of sebum of the skin and to clear greasy complexions.
Cypress
Latin Name: Cupressus Sempervirens
Family: Cupressacceae
Note: Middle
Extraction: The needles, twigs and cones are steam distilled
Country of Origin: Cultivated in the tress of Spain, Morocco and France, this oil is native to Eastern Mediterranean
Chemical Constituents: Carvone, Umbelliferone, Limonine, Terpinene, Cymene
Nature of Oil: Golden and clear
Contraindications: Pregnancy is the main contraindication
Blends well with: Citrus Essences such as Bergamot, Herbal oils like Clary Sage and Lavender, Woody Oils like Frankincense, Juniper and Sandalwood.
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Antiseptic, Insecticide – oily skin, wounds, stings and cellulite
Muscular/Skeletal: Vasoconstrictive – aids rheumatics, eases tension
Respiratory: Bactericidal – whooping cough, lungs, chest infections, TB, asthma
Nervous System: Antispasmodic, Restorative – calms stress and tension
Endocrine: Balancing – sweat reduction, oedema
Immune System: Astringent – reducing allergy response, boost immunity against infection
Digestive: Stimulating – restorative for liver and pancreas
Reproductive: Balancing – PMT, Irregular peroids and Menopause
Lymphatic: Febrifuge, Balancing – sweat, sebum and immunity regulation
Circulatory: Tonic, Decongestant – varicose vein balancing through constricting blood vessels
Urinary: Diuretic – balances prostate troubles
Eucalyptus
Latin Name: Eucalyptus Globulus
Family: Myrtaceae
Note: Top
Extraction: Steam Distillation from the leaves
Country of Origin: Australia
Chemical Constituents: a-terpinyl acetate, pinocarvone, aromadendrene, limonene, phellandrene, glubulol
Nature of Oil: Thin, clear and fresh oil
Contraindications: Cannot be taken internally due to toxicity, not to be used when pregnant or breastfeeding, can cause skin sensitivity and less is more
Blends well with: Rose, Vanilla, Ylang Ylang, Rosemary, Citrus Essences, Lavender
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Antiseptic, antifungal, antiviral – athlete’s foot, chicken pox, herpes, measles, stings and bites
Muscular/Skeletal: Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory – relieving aches and pains
Respiratory: Decongestant, expectorant, mucolytic – used as an inhalation to soothe lungs for asthma, coughs and colds, loosens phlegm,
Nervous System: Stimulant – cools high emotions, soothes head and relaxes migraines
Endocrine: Antispasmodic - lowers blood sugar, reduced temperature, aids colds and flu
Immune System: Anti-malarial, antibacterial – eases symptoms and boosts immunity
Digestive: Vermifuge – destroy or expel worms
Reproductive: Vulnerary – speeds up healing and can reduce inflammation
Lymphatic: Febrifuge – reduces fever and balances system
Circulatory: Rubifacient - increases blood capillaries and supports blood flow
Urinary: Antiseptic – calms cystitis and nephritis
Frankincense
Latin Name: Boswelia Carterii or Serrate or Frareana
Family: Burseaceae
Note: Base
Extraction: The resin tears from the tree are steam distilled
Country of Origin: North East Africa and Red Sea region (Isreal)
Chemical Constituents: Octyl acetate, guaine, copaene, pinene, terpine, esters, ketones, alcohols, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes
Nature of Oil: Golden, spicy and thick
Contraindications: Stimulates menstruation so avoid when pregnant, this oil is generally safe and is a non-irritant and non-sensitising
Blends well with: Spicy and citrus oils, cypress, cedarwood, juniper, lavender, rose & neroli
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Tonic, Antioxidant, Regenerating – combats aging skin, wounds, wrinkles, tightens tissue, eases ulcers
Muscular/Skeletal: Rejuvenating, Cell Support, Calming – eases stress & tension in muscles & joints
Respiratory: Mucolytic, expectorant – catarrh, coughs, colds, bronchitic, asthma, laryngitis
Nervous System: Antispasmosic, analgesic –eases depression and anxiety related to the past, relaxing and calming
Endocrine: Regulating, analgesic- balances hormones and boosts adrenalin
Immune System: Booster, Tonic – encourages fast recovery form illness and disease, soothing
Digestive: Carminative – reduces flatulence
Reproductive: Anti-inflammatory - genital infections. Leucorrhea, soothes breasts, eases postnatal symptoms
Lymphatic: Sedative, sudorific – balances the system and eases sweats and cramps
Circulatory: Astringent, Bactericidal – slows breathing and regulates blood pressure
Urinary: Bactericidal – calms cystitis and eases water flow, reduces heat.
Geranium
Latin Name: Pelargonium Graveolens
Family: Geraniaceae
Note: Middle
Extraction: Flowers, Stalks and Leaves are steam distilled
Country of Origin: Native to South Africa and grown worldwide
Chemical Constituents: Alcohol, monoterpenes, oxides, sesquiterpenes, ketones, esters
Nature of Oil: Floral, light and viscous
Contraindications: Can irritate sensitive skin but is known as one of the most sensitive oils
Blends well with: Wood Essences such as Juniper, Cypress and Sandalwood, Citrus essences such as bergamot, neroli, lemongrass, Herbal essences such as clary sage, rosemary and marjoram.
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Antifungal, Cell regeneration, antioxidant – detoxing, emulsifying, nourishing and balancing, great for burns and scarring, balancing acid mantle, cellulite, skin conditions
Muscular/Skeletal: Astringent, Anti-inflammatory – contracts swollen tissue to reduce stress
Respiratory: Febrifuge, Bactericidal – reducing fever, calming inflamed tissue/tonsilitis
Nervous System: Analgesic, Anti-spasmodic, calming -
Endocrine: Hormonal, Astringent – contracting cells to boost thyroid and adrenals
Immune System: Bactericidal, antifungal – balancing disease, viral symptoms and infection
Digestive: Tonic – gentle and soothing for cramps and colon cleanse
Reproductive: Parturient, Calming – anaesthetic effect before birth, easing PMS
Lymphatic: Diuretic – draining fluid retension, stimulating lymph glands to secrete excess
Circulatory: Anti-haermorrhagic – promotes hemostasis and slows down bleeding
Urinary: Diuretic – eases water retention and encourages regular movement
Jasmine
Latin Name: Jasminum Officinale
Family: Oleaceae
Note: Base
Extraction: Flowers picked after dusk, oil is at the highest strength for solvent extraction
Country of Origin: China, North India and Middle East – cultivated across the world
Chemical Constituents: Esters, ketones, alcohols, phenols, remainder indole, linalool
Nature of Oil: Floral – light and viscous
Contraindications: Can irritate sensitive skin and should be avoided in pregnancy
Blends well with: Most floral essences
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Cicatrisant - heals wounds and reduces scarring
Muscular/Skeletal: Anti-septic - relaxes muscles, soothes stretch marks, great facial balm
Respiratory: Expectorant, Anti-spasmodic - breathing regulator, calming for coughs
Nervous System: Aphrodisiac - lifts depression, boosts confidence
Emotional: Sedative, hormone stimulation - relaxes and unwinds, relieves labour tension
Immune System: Anti-inflammatory - reducing inflammation and boosting immunity
Digestive: Carminative - eases flatulence
Reproductive: Galactagogue - increases milk supply, healthy sperm, ease vaginal infection
Lymphatic: Anti-toxic - settles and balances to detoxify and ease stress in lymph nodes
Circulatory: Anti-rheumatic - eases joint pain
Urinary:Tonic - soothes vaginal and urinary infections
Juniper
Latin Name: Juniperus Communis
Family: Cupressaceae
Note: Middle
Extraction: Steam distillation of crushed, dried or partially dried berries. If the oil is made from the needles or wood, it is inferior.
Country of Origin: North America, Britaijn, Northern Asia, korea and Japan with worldwide distribution
Chemical Constituents: Monoterpenes is the main constituent, alcohol & sesquiterpenes
Nature of Oil: Viscous and clear
Contraindications: Skin Irritant and any Kidney issues - ensure a pure oil is used for skin and avoid during pregnancy or kidney disease as may be nephrotic.
Blends well with: Bergamot, Cypress, frankincense, geranium, lavender, neroli (berries and woody based oils)
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Cicatrisant - obesity, oedema, cellulite, wounds
Muscular/Skeletal: Anti-rheumatic - soothes aching joints
Respiratory: Anti-spasmodic - eases tension which eases breathing
Nervous System: Nervine - tonic and relaxant which calms the nerves
Emotional: Aphrodisiac - lifts depression, boosts confidence
Immune System: Anti-toxic - reducing toxins through sweating, sebum production
Digestive: Carminative - reducing gas,
Reproductive: Emmenagogue - regulating menstrual system
Lymphatic: Depurative - purifying and detoxifying
Circulatory: Anti-septic - eliminates uric acid,
Urinary: Diuretic - clearing water and flushing the bladder
Lavender
Latin Name: Lavandula Angustifolia
Family: Lamiaceae
Note: Middle
Extraction: Flowering Spikes are steam distilled
Country of Origin: France and Spain
Chemical Constituents: Esters, alcohols, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes
Nature of Oil: Light and smooth
Contraindications: One of the only oils that can be used neat on skin and is regarded as a non irritant. Some people find it sensitive to smell and get headaches, be careful of the dose.
Blends well with: Lemongrass, bergamot, cypress, eucalyptus, juniper, lemon and patchouli
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Anti-fungal, cell regeneration - burns, psoriasis, acne, wounds, ringworm
Muscular/Skeletal:Anti Inflammatory - arthritis, reynauds disease, calming, relaxing
Respiratory: Bactericidal - soothing on throat and lungs
Nervous System: Analgesic, Anti-spasmodic - anxiety, headaches, insomnia, migraines
Emotional: Balancing, Antidepressant - reducing stress and tension,
Immune System: Anti-inflammatory - reducing inflammation and boosting immunity
Digestive: Vermifuge, Carminative - reducing gas, stuns internal worms
Reproductive: Emmenagogue - regulating menstrual system
Lymphatic: Anti-toxic - settles and balances to detoxify and ease stress in lymph nodes
Circulatory: Astringent, Hypotensive – slows breathing and regulates blood pressure
Urinary:Bactericidal – calms cystitis and eases water flow, reduces heat
Lemongrass
Latin Name: Cymbopogon Citratus
Family: Poaceae
Note: Top
Extraction: Fresh or partly dried leaves from the plant are steam distilled
Country of Origin: West India (Flexuosus variety from East India)
Chemical Constituents: Esters, Aliphatic Aldehydes, Acids, Monoterpenes, Alcohol
Nature of Oil: Pale and light, thin
Contraindications: Do not use in pregnancy and can cause skin irritation
Blends well with: Patchouli, orange, grapefruit, geranium, wood oils
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Tissue toner, anti-fungal, irritant - tightens pores, acne, athletes foot, oily skin
Muscular/Skeletal: Analgesic - relieves pain
Respiratory: Anti-oxidant - lift toxins which in turn can help calmer breathing
Nervous System: Sedative - uplifting
Emotional: Antidepressant - lifts low moods, fatigue
Immune System: Bactericidall – balancing disease, viral symptoms and infection
Digestive: Carminative - reducing gas, indigestion
Reproductive: Galactagogue - increases milk supply, ease vaginal infection
Lymphatic: Tonic - good for liver and cleansing
Circulatory: Anti-septic - detoxifies and boosts circulation
Urinary: Diuretic - clearing water and flushing the bladder
MARJORAM
Common Name: Marjoram
Latin Name: Origanum Marjorana
Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatea)
Note: Middle
Extraction: Steam distillation of the dried flowering herb.
Country of Origin: Native to the Mediterranean region but most of the oil is produced in France, North Africa, Eastern Europe and Germany.
Chemical Constituents: Carvacrol; thymol; camphor; borneol; origanol; pinene, sabinene, terpineol.
Nature of Oil: A light amber liquid. The aroma is warm, woody and camphoraceous. The odour effect is warming and calming
Contraindications: Not suitable for use during pregnancy.
Blends well with: Bergamot, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Juniper Berry, Lavender, Rosemary andTea tree.
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Chilblains, bruises, arthritis, muscular aches and pains, rheumatism, sprains and strains, respiratory ailments, colic, constipation, absence of periods outside of pregnancy, painful menstruation, PMS, colds and ‘flu, headache, high blood pressure, insomnia, migraine, nervous tension and stress related disorders.
Skin Care: Vulnerary, Antioxidant, Antiseptic, Antiviral, Bactericidal, Fungicidal
Muscular/Skeletal: Antispasmodic, Analgesic, Antioxidant
Respiratory: Analgesic, Antiseptic, Antioxidant
Nervous System: Nervine
Emotional: Sedative
Immune System: Antioxidant, Antiseptic, Antiviral, Antioxidant
Digestive: Carminative, Digestive, Antiseptic, Antiviral, Bactericidal, Antioxidant
Reproductive: Emmenagoguic, Antioxidant
Lymphatic: Sudorific, Antioxidant,
Circulatory: Vasodilator; Hypotensive, Antioxidant
Urinary: Antiseptic, Bactericidal, Antioxidant
Shelf life & Storage: Store in dark glass bottles, in a cool place, away from natural daylight or daylight sources. Use within 2 years.
Any other useful information: A reputed anaphrodisiac (quells sexual desire).
Not to be confused with the less expensive Spanish Marjoram (Thymus Mastichina) – this is not a form of Marjoram but of Thyme – completely different chemical constitution, and highly irritating to the skin! Marjoram is known for being a tasty and unique herb which is used in Mediterranean cooking and is very nutritious.
Applications –
Burners and vaporisers
In vapor therapy, marjoram oil can be used for asthma, bronchitis, poor circulation, coughs, physical exhaustion, headaches, tension, insomnia, sinusitis, anxiety, nervous tension and stress.
Blended massage oil or in the bath
As a blended massage oil or diluted in the bath, marjoram oil can be used for asthma, arthritis, back pain, bronchitis, poor circulation, colds, coughs, detoxification, physical exhaustion, fatigue, headaches, tension, heartburn, insomnia, painful periods, migraine, muscular pains and spasms, rheumatism, sinusitis, anxiety, stress and grief.
Creams and lotions
Since it is a greatly warming oil, it is useful to counter chilblains and to disperse bruises.
Melissa
Latin Name: Melissa Officinalis
Family: Labiatae
Note: Clean Top Note
Extraction: Flowering tops, stems and leaves are steam distilled
Country of Origin: France
Chemical Constituents: Aliphatic Aldehydes
Nature of Oil: Golden and viscous
Contraindications: Skin irritant and avoid in pregnancy
Blends well with: Lavender, basil. camomile, rose, geranium, frankincense, ylang ylang
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, irritant - great for insect bites and herpes
Muscular/Skeletal: Sedative - soothing and calming
Respiratory: Calming - rapid breathing, antihistamine to bites
Nervous System: Antispasmodic - depression, grief, headaches, insomnia
Emotional: Calming - hysteria, anxiety and stress
Immune System: Boost immunities
Digestive: Carminative - reducing cramping, indigestion, nausea
Reproductive: Uterine tonic - regulates menstruation
Lymphatic: Calming - balances the system and eases lymph
Circulatory:Hypotensive - regulates blood pressure (high)
Urinary: Sedative - good regulator
Neroli
Latin Name: Citrus Aurantium var. Carvacrol
Family: Rutaceae
Note: Middle/Base
Extraction: Freshly picked flowers are steam distilled
Country of Origin: Native to Asia and cultivated around the Mediteranean
Chemical Constituents: dipintene, pinene, camphene, linalool, limonene
Nature of Oil: A pale yellow to amber liquid
Contraindications: Photo-sensitivity and contact dermatitis
Blends well with: Clary Sage, geranium, lavender, rose, ylang ylang
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Cytophylactic - stimulate cell renewal, smooth stretch marks,
Muscular/Skeletal: Antispasmodic - calming and soothing to relax joints and tissue
Respiratory: Hypnotic - regulating breathing
Nervous System: Nervine, Sedative - reducing feelings of depression and anxiety
Emotional: Aphrodisiac - feelings of love
Immune System: Tonic - regulates immune functions through calm
Digestive: Antiemetic - prevent nausea, aids travel sickness
Reproductive: Calming - eases pre-menstrual tension
Lymphatic: Deodorant - balances sweat and palpitations
Circulatory: Cardiac and circulatory tonic - regulates blood pressure, boosts circulation
Urinary:Sedative - good regulator
Rose
Latin Name: Rose Damask
Family: Rosacceae
Note: Base
Extraction: Rose Otto is steam distillation and rose absolute is solvent extraction of petals
Country of Origin: Persia, with worldwide cultivation
Chemical Constituents: Alcohols, monoterpenes,
Nature of Oil: Amber liquid
Contraindications: Rose is a non-irritant and is the least likely of the oils to cause irritation
Blends well with: Clary Sage, Frankincense, sandalwood, vanilla, cedarwood, chamomile
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Astringent, Anti-bacterial - great for acne and oily skin, stimulating collagen
Muscular/Skeletal: Anti- inflammatory - lipid peroxidation inhibitor to protect cells
Respiratory: Anti-fungal - great for Strep throat and reducing infection
Nervous System: Sedative, Antidepressant - relaxes the central nervous system
Emotional: Anti-anxiety, Aphrodisiac - lifts mood and encourages calm feelings, love
Immune System: Antiphlogistic - reduces fever and inflammation
Digestive: Hepatic - clearing toxins from the liver and filters out effects of alcohol
Reproductive: Emmenagogue - great for impotence, post menstrual and frigidity
Lymphatic: Bactericidal - cleanses the system
Circulatory: Haemostatic - keeps blood thicker within a vessel, great for veins
Urinary: Laxative - loosen bowels and help to flush out the system
Rosemary
Latin Name: Rosmarinus officinalis
Family: Lamiaceae
Note: Middle
Extraction: Flowering tops are steam distilled for higher quality oil
Country of Origin: Cultivated worldwide but native to the Mediteranean
Chemical Constituents: Ketones, Oxides, Monoterpenes, Alcohol, Sesquiterpenes
Nature of Oil: Golden and fluid, warming
Contraindications: Avoid in pregnancy, can trigger epilepsy, skin irritant
Blends well with: Lavender, peppermint, frankincense, pine, lemon, orange, neroli
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory - reduce swellings, oily skin, rheumatics, scars
Muscular/Skeletal: Anti-oxidant - helps with strain and fatigue through detoxifying
Respiratory: Antispasmodic, decongestant - reduces tension, panic & aids regular breathing
Nervous System: Nervine - treating palpitations, calms down spiked nerves
Emotional: Anti-anxiety, Clarity - Brings focus and concentration with inhalation
Immune System: Hypersensitive, Anti-viral, Cordial - reduces infection, antibiotic support
Digestive: Carminative - reducing cramping, indigestion, nausea
Reproductive: Stimulant - boosts hair growth and reproductive cells
Lymphatic: Anti-septic - tonic, system boosting
Circulatory: Cardio-tonic, Astringent - boosting poor circulation, heart tonic, warming
Urinary: Diuretic - clearing water and flushing the bladder
Sandalwood
Latin Name: Santalum album
Family: Santalaceae
Note: Base
Extraction: Roots and heartwood are steam distilled
Country of Origin: Native to tropical Asia, especially India (Mysore)
Chemical Constituents: Alcohols, Sesquiterpenes, Acids (limonene), Ketones
Nature of Oil: Golden, pale and fluid, warming
Contraindications: Contact dermatitis when directly applied, should always be used with a carrier oil. Risky when dealing with sensitive clients as no formal testing has been done.
Blends well with: Bergamot, cedarwood, cypress, frankincense, jasmine, juniper, rose
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Antiseptic - collagen support, aging, calms itching, dry chapped skin, eczema
Muscular/Skeletal: Anti Inflammatory - lumbago relief, aching joints and muscles, sedative
Respiratory: Calming, decongestant - eases coughing and sinuses
Nervous System: Tonic, Sedative - sciatica, targets PNS & eases grief (psoas, heart centre)
Emotional: Aphrodisiac - warm and positive feelings, comfort, impotence
Immune System: Antiphlogistic - reduces fever and inflammation
Digestive: Carminative - reducing cramping, indigestion, nausea
Reproductive: Astringent - heart regulation, varicose veins
Lymphatic: Diaphoretic - brings on sweating and excess perspiration
Circulatory: Bactericidal, antispasmodic - reduces toxins and calms the system
Urinary: Diuretic - clearing water and flushing the bladder
Ylang Ylang
Latin Name: Cananga odorata var. Genuana
Family: Annonaceae
Note: Base
Extraction: Flowers are steam distilled, the process is repeated for high grade oil
Country of Origin: Madagascar and the Comoros Islands, however native to tropical Asia
Chemical Constituents: Sesquiterpenes, Alcohols, Esters, Phenols - Methyl and Linalool
Nature of Oil: Golden, thin and sweet
Contraindications: Can be reactive in skin, mainly a non-irritant
Blends well with: Black Pepper, geranium, frankincense, rose, lemongrass, orange
Therapeutic properties & aromatherapy uses –
Skin Care: Antiseptic, boosting - stimulates hair growth & soothes inflammation & irritation
Muscular/Skeletal: Antispasmodic - reduces tension and aches in joints and muscles
Respiratory: Calming - keeps breathing to an easy pace
Nervous System: Nervine - calms down spiked nerves, soothing, lowers palpitations
Emotional: Sedative, Aphrodisiac - calming and reduces tension, stress and anxiety
Immune System: Anti-oxidant, antibacterial - detoxifying and kills bacteria
Digestive: Stimulates secretions - reduces intestinal infection
Reproductive: Stimulating - sensitises ovaries and testicles, helps with frigidity
Lymphatic: Antimicrobial - clears and boosts the system
Circulatory: Cardiac Tonic, hypotensive - balances blood pressure (high),
Urinary: Calming
Conclusion
Essential Oils are used to boost health and wellbeing all over the world, and is the traditional medicine of many civilisations and countries dating back to the start of time. Nowadays more rigorous testing and guidelines ae available to guide us to the best use, for we know the effects and benefits through scientific testing, success stories of various treatments and the soothing effects of oils in our everyday lives. For products and treatments, it is important not to overuse the oils as a sensitivity can be created. The following illustration is a general guideline to drops that should be used alongside the chosen carrier oil.
Furthermore, the uses and properties of the oils can help to balance our emotions and ailments, helping a vast array of issues to help a client improve their health and wellbeing. Aromatherapy massage is a soothing and relaxing way to recover from illness or anxiety, balancing hormones through reactivating levels of serotonin, lifting the client to feel healthier and more positive about their body and self esteem. The 20 essential oils detailed are a great cabinet of health to deal with life's ups and downs through healing with therapeutic properties that give a versatile and bespoke touch to holistic treatments.
Bibliography
Books
Caddy, Rosemary (1997) Essential oils in Colour, Caddy Classic Profiles
Wildwood, Christine (1997) Aromatherapy Made Easy
Wormwood, Valerie Ann (1990) The Fragrant Pharmacy
Cressy, Susan (2010) Beauty Therapy Fact File
Price and Price (2004) Understanding Hydrolats
Wildwood, Chrissie (2000) Aromatherapy
Links
Introduction: History of Aromatherapy
Oil Profiling
Basil
Bergamot
Black Pepper
Roman Chamomile
Clary Sage
Cypress
Eucalyptus
Frankincense
Geranium
Jasmine
Juniper
Lavender
Conclusion
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